Despite their ability to manage pain, opioids come with a major downside: they lead to addiction. Nancy Lamo of Lockton explores the history of opioid use and suggests steps to help providers find the right balance in prescribing opioids today.
Opioids are among the world’s oldest known drugs and have been used for thousands of years for recreational and medicinal purposes. Opioids include both opiates—natural substances found in the resin of the opium poppy—and synthetic substances that resemble opiates. However, there is a growing problem in the US related to overprescribing opioids and prescription opioid abuse.
In the last 20 years, the number of opioid prescriptions written in the US has increased 400 percent. This increase is largely due to widespread use of opioids for management of chronic nonmalignant pain, such as back pain, myofascial pain, abdominal pain, and headaches.
Catherine Saint Louis in The New York Times reported in 2014 that doctors are prescribing opioids to pregnant women in “astonishing” numbers: 23 percent of the 1.1 million pregnant women enrolled in Medicaid filled an opioid prescription in 2007.
So what’s the problem?
In short, addiction. Prescription opioid addiction brings the negative consequences of any addiction: crime, broken relationships, child abuse and neglect, and poverty. It also causes crossover heroin use and addiction and overdose deaths caused by both prescription and street drugs.
Seventy-five percent of heroin users report that they started out by using prescription opioids. Opioid addicts turn to heroin because it is one-fifth of the cost and widely available. US deaths from both prescription opioid and heroin overdoses are rising dramatically. How did we get here?
History
Opium and its derivatives have been produced and marketed as medicines and as recreational drugs throughout Asia for centuries.
In early and mid-Victorian England, opium preparations could be purchased in a chemist’s shop and from traveling salesmen as a ‘cure-all’ to treat pain, coughs, rheumatism, diarrhea, vomiting, hiccups, pleurisy, cardiac disease, and ‘women’s troubles’. Opium mixed with molasses was marketed as ‘Mother’s Friend’ and given to babies and young children to keep them quiet. Recreational use was popular among writers and artists.
Optimism surrounded the early use of morphine. It was used liberally during the Civil War; it delivered effective pain relief, but many soldiers developed dependence and addiction.
By the early 20th century, doctors began to warn about the dangers of addiction. The US recognized the need to regulate narcotics and began to enact drug-related laws.
Too little opioid use?
Increased restrictions related to recreational and medicinal opioids resulted in decreased opioid use. This was the hoped-for outcome, but it came with the unintended consequence of undertreatment of pain in terminally ill patients. Dame Cicely Saunders launched the modern hospice movement in the UK in the 1960s with a focus on providing adequate pain relief for patients near death.
The tide turns
Healthcare professionals began to recognize that undertreated pain causes unnecessary physical and psychological suffering as well as longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs. Several events contributed to the new way of thinking about opioids.
A 1980 letter to the New England Journal of Medicine cited a low addiction rate among patients prescribed opiates and spurred a growing movement within medicine to treat pain more aggressively.
In 1995, the American Pain Society designated pain as the “fifth vital sign” that needed to be assessed in order to better treat pain.
A ‘slow release’ opioid (OxyContin) was introduced in 1996 and aggressively marketed to physicians as having a lower risk of abuse and addiction (although this is not true).
The Joint Commission received ongoing reports of inadequate pain control for postoperative and trauma pain, cancer pain, and other acute and chronic pain challenges and instituted pain management standards in 2001.
The CMS Conditions of Participation provide a patient with the ‘right’ to participate in the development and implementation of his or her ‘pain management plan’.
Government response
The Executive Office of the President of the US issued a report in 2011 titled Epidemic: Responding to America’s Prescription Drug Abuse Crisis. The government’s plan includes:
- Education
- Tracking and monitoring
- Proper medication disposal
- Enforcement
The report notes that most physicians receive little training on the importance of appropriate prescribing and dispensing of opioids to prevent adverse effects, diversion, and addiction. The government recommends education for healthcare providers in these areas.
The government also advises better tracking and monitoring of narcotic prescriptions and encourages states to establish prescription drug monitoring programs to detect and prevent abuse of prescription drugs at the retail level (so-called doctor shopping). Forty-nine states (all except Missouri) have a prescription drug monitoring program; these programs are mandatory in only 16 states.
Citing a 2009 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, the report notes that more than 70 percent of people who use prescription pain relievers non-medically get them from friends or relatives. Therefore, proper disposal of unused, unneeded, or expired medications is a key strategy.
The report recognizes that a small number of healthcare practitioners prescribe outside the usual course of professional practice or for illegitimate purposes. The government intends to continue aggressive enforcement actions against ‘pill mills’.
The right balance
How can you help your providers find the right balance between over- and underprescribing opioid medications?
Support the use of prescription drug monitoring programs: Are you familiar with your state program? If your state has a mandatory program, are your providers compliant? Do they understand how to use the program? If your state program is voluntary, encourage your providers to participate in the program—or make it mandatory.
Require provider education: Providers of all specialties need to learn more about pain management, safe opioid prescribing, and addiction. The Food and Drug Administration requires drug manufacturers to develop education for providers but does not require providers to participate in education. Make education mandatory for your providers so they have the information they need.
Follow evidence-based treatment guidelines: Treatment guidelines will help you and your providers recognize and implement best practices related to opioid prescribing. Find out whether your providers follow these or other evidence-based guidelines:
—Model Policy on the Use of Opioid Analgesics in the Treatment of Chronic Pain (http://library.fsmb.org/pdf/pain_policy_july2013.pdf)
—American Pain Society—Clinical Practice Guidelines (eight published guidelines, additional guidelines to be published in 2015; http://americanpainsociety.org/education/guidelines/overview)
—State medical board guidelines (eg, http://mn.gov/health-licensing-boards/medical-practice/licensees/practice/pain-mgmt-guidelines.jsp)
Conclusion
Pain and suffering are caused by both over- and underprescribing opioids. Prescription drug monitoring programs, provider education, and evidence-based treatment guidelines can help. Educate and engage your providers to use the tools available to find a balanced approach to prescribing opioids.
Nancy Lamo is a clinical risk consultant at Lockton. She can be contacted at: NLamo@lockton.com
Nancy Lamo, Lockton, US, Crisis management
